Which of the following describes the treatment strategies for PAD?

• A. Lifestyle modification
• B. Pharmacological management
• C. Revascularisation procedures
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Treating PAD involves a multimodal approach that targets risk factor modification, symptom relief, and restoration of blood flow. Lifestyle changes are foundational for all patients and include quitting smoking, engaging in regular supervised exercise, and adopting a heart-healthy diet. Pharmacological management addresses the systemic issues driving atherosclerosis and symptom burden: antiplatelet therapy to reduce vascular events, statins to lower LDL and stabilize plaques, and strict control of blood pressure and diabetes; for some patients with intermittent claudication, medications like cilostazol can improve walking distance. Revascularisation procedures are considered when symptoms persist despite medical therapy or when there is critical limb ischemia or limb-threatening disease, with options such as endovascular interventions (angioplasty with or without stenting) or surgical bypass.

Because each element targets a different aspect of PAD care—risk reduction, symptom improvement, and blood-flow restoration—the comprehensive answer is that all of the above are involved in treatment.