Which muscles contribute to downward rotation of the scapula?

• A. Upper trapezius
• B. Serratus anterior
• C. Lower trapezius
• D. Rhomboids, levator scapulae, and pectoralis minor

Answer: (B)

Downward rotation of the scapula happens when the scapula rotates so the glenoid fossa faces downward, such as when bringing the arm toward the body. The muscles that drive this movement are the rhomboids, which retract the scapula and rotate it downward; the levator scapulae, which elevates the scapula and, depending on position, can contribute to downward rotation; and the pectoralis minor, which pulls the scapula downward and forward. Serratus anterior mainly protracts the scapula and upwardly rotates it, helping lift the arm away from the body, while the trapezius (especially its upper and lower fibers) primarily supports upward rotation or stabilization. So the downward rotators are the rhomboids, levator scapulae, and pectoralis minor.